Timeline of early eukaryotic evolution unveiled

One of the most important and puzzling events in the evolution of life has been the origin of the first complex eukaryotic cells. Almost all lifeforms that we can perceive with the naked eye, such as algae, plants, animals and fungi, are made up of complex cells known as 'eukaryotes'. A collaborative study between the groups of Toni Gabaldon, ICREA researcher at the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) and the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), and Berend Snel at the University of Utrecht, has concluded that the first cell to incorporate a mitochondrion (considered the key step to the increased complexity of eukaryotic cells) already presented eukaryote-like complexity in structure and functions. This scenario serves as a bridge between the signs of complexity observed in some archaeal genomes and the proposed role of mitochondria in triggering eukaryogenesis.

Timeline of early eukaryotic evolution unveiled the mitochondrial acquisition occurred
in a scenario of increasing complexity [Credit: Utrecht University, IRB Barcelona]

"The acquisition of mitochondria was considered either to be the crucial first step or the last step in the development of eukaryotic cell complexity," explains Gabaldon, "our findings show that it was indeed a crucial event, but that it happened in a scenario where cell complexity had already increased."

Complexity as a prelude to the diversity of life

For roughly the first half of the history of life on Earth, the only forms of life were the relatively simple cells of bacteria. "Eukaryotic cells are larger, contain more DNA and are made up of compartments, each with their own task," explains first author Julian Vosseberg. "In that sense, you could compare bacterial cells with a tent, while eukaryotic cells are more like houses with several rooms."

How and when organisms traded the tent for a house is still a mystery, as there are no intermediate forms. One important moment in evolution was the origin of mitochondria, a component of eukaryotic cells that function as their 'power plants'. Mitochondria were once free-living bacteria, but during evolution, they were absorbed by the ancestors of today's eukaryotic cells. As gene duplication probably drove the increase in cell complexity, the researchers attempted to reconstruct the evolutionary events based on these genetic changes.

Bioinformatics for evolutionary path reconstruction

"We can use the DNA of contemporary species to reconstruct evolutionary events. Our genes were formed over aeons of evolution. They have changed dramatically over that time, but they still hold echoes of a distant past." Vosseberg adds, "We have a vast quantity of genetic material available, from a variety of organisms, and we can use computers to reconstruct the evolution of thousands of genes, including ancient gene duplications. These reconstructions have enabled us to uncover the timing of important intermediate steps."

The co-corresponding author, Berend Snel, from the University of Utrecht, says, "Scientists did not have a timeline of these events. But now we've managed to reconstruct a rough timeline." To achieve this, the researchers adapted an existing method developed at Gabaldon's lab to create a new protocol, which has resulted in novel insights. These indicate that a lot of complex cellular machinery had evolved even before the symbiosis with mitochondria, including the development of transport within the cell and the cytoskeleton. "The symbiosis wasn't an event that served as the catalyst for everything else. We observed a peak in gene duplications much earlier in time, indicating that cell complexity had already increased before that moment," says Snel.

"Our study suggests that the ancestral host that acquired the mitochondrial endosymbiont had already developed some complexity in terms of a dynamic cytoskeleton and membrane trafficking" says Gabaldon "this might have favoured the establishment of symbiotic associations with other microorganisms, including the mitochondrial ancestor, which eventually became integrated".

Source: Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) [October 26, 2020]

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Tracking the Himalayan history from the evolution of hundreds of frogs, lizards and snakes

The Himalaya are among the youngest and highest mountains in the world, but the exact timing of their uplift and origins of their biodiversity are still in debate. Generally, there are two hypotheses about the uplift process of the Himalaya. The "Stepwise Hypothesis" states that the Himalaya rose slowly from 1000-2500 m during 56-23 million years ago (Ma), before an additional rapid uplift to 4000 m during 23-19 Ma, and a final rise to the current average elevations (~5000 m) at around 15 Ma. Alternatively, recent hydrological and thermal evidences support that this region was probably not elevated to current elevation till mid-Pliocene ("Late Orogeny Hypothesis").

The Himalaya and representative amphibians and reptiles
[Credit: Science China Press]

Time-based records of biological processes can be informative about montane histories and environmental changes. Various hypotheses about Himalayan origins can be tested using phylogenetic information and estimates of the timing of biological speciation events. To address the question about the timing of the Himalaya uplift, we carried out field work across the Himalaya to collect samples of amphibians and reptiles. The Himalayan region encompasses multiple countries and has many access challenges, so sampling across the entire region is difficult, which has inhibited integrative studies of the origin of the Himalayan biota.

Combining 14 time-calibrated phylogenies of Himalayan-associated amphibian and reptile families involving 85 genera and 1628 species, we estimated times of divergence among 183 species that occur in the Himalaya. We identified 230 biogeographic events related to the Himalayan species. The dynamics of in situ diversification and dispersal rates remained essentially parallel across the Cenozoic. Both the in situ diversification rate, as well as the dispersal rate into the Himalaya, fit the Stepwise Hypothesis for the origin of this mountain range. In contrast, our estimates of origination and peak diversification are not consistent with the late-uplift hypothesis.

Biotic assembly through time of herpetofauna in the Himalaya. (a): The rates of in situ diversification
 and dispersal of the Himalayan herpetofauna through time (smoothed across 5 Ma windows).
Dispersal indicates "dispersal into the Himalaya." MDivE = maximal number of observed
 in situ diversification events per Ma. MDisE = maximal number of observed dispersal events
per Ma. Ambiguous events are separately listed. (b): Dispersal events from adjacent regions
 into the Himalaya (smoothed across 5 Ma windows). MDisE = maximal number
of observed dispersal events per Ma [Credit: Science China Press]

The rapid Himalayan uplift and associated intensified South Asia Monsoon not only promoted a pulse of uplift-driven in situ diversification, but also affected the rates of biotic interchange. Biotic interchange was restricted by the lack of a moist environment that is required by many reptiles and amphibians. In contrast, an expanded tropical forest belt is thought to have persisted between the Himalaya and Southeast Asia since the middle Miocene, which likely accounts for the high dispersal rates between these two regions.

This work has important implications about the assembly process of Himalayan herpetofauna and its conservation. Our analyses show a deep-rooted origin of Himalayan herpetofauna originating in the Paleocene, but with rapid diversification in the Miocene.

The study is published in the National Science Review 2020.

Source: South China Press [October 26, 2020]

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Hidden losses deep in the Amazon rainforest

Few places on Earth are as rich in biodiversity and removed from human influence as the world's largest rainforest -- the Amazon. Scientists at Louisiana State University (LSU) have been conducting research within the pristine rainforest for decades. However, they began to notice that some of the animals, specifically birds that forage on and near the forest floor, had become very difficult to find.

New research shows animal patterns are changing in the absence of landscape change, which signals
a sobering warning that simply preserving forests will not maintain rainforest biodiversity
[Credit: Vitek Jirinec, LSU]

"What we think is happening is an erosion of biodiversity, a loss of some of the richness in a place where we would hope biodiversity can be maintained," said LSU School of Renewable Natural Resources Professor Philip Stouffer, who is the lead author of a new study published in Ecology Letters.

Stouffer began leading field research deep within the Amazon rainforest, north of Manaus, Brazil, when he was a post-doctoral researcher with the Smithsonian in 1991. With support from the National Science Foundation, he continued to oversee bird monitoring at the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project until 2016. However, around 2008, he and his graduate students noticed that they could seldom find some bird species that they had observed in previous years.

Stouffer and his students devised a research plan to collect new data that would be directly comparable to historical samples from the early 1980s. LSU graduate students Vitek Jirinec and Cameron Rutt collaborated with Stouffer to synthesize the results, aided by the computational modeling expertise from co-author LSU Department of Oceanography & Coastal Sciences Assistant Professor Stephen Midway. The team analyzed the vast dataset that spanned more than 35 years and covered 55 sites to investigate what Stouffer and his graduate students had observed in the field.

"It's a very robust dataset from a variety of places collected over many years. It's not just some fluke. It looks like there's a real pattern and it looks like it could be linked to things we know are happening with global climate change that are affecting even this pristine place," Midway said.

This downward trend signals a shifting baseline that could have gone undetected.

"Our nostalgia was correct--certain birds are much less common than they used to be," Stouffer said. "If animal patterns are changing in the absence of landscape change, it signals a sobering warning that simply preserving forests will not maintain rainforest biodiversity."

Winners and losers

In general, the birds that have experienced the most dramatic declines live on or near the forest floor where they forage on arthropods, mostly insects. However, there is some variation among species winners and losers in the rainforest.

The iconic voice of the Amazon rainforest, the Musician Wren, is one of the birds that researchers
have discovered is on the decline in pristine, remote parts of the Amazon
[Credit: Philip Stouffer, LSU]

For example, the Wing-banded Antbird , or Myrmornis torquata, is one of the species that has declined since the 1980s. It is also one of the species that forages insects on the forest floor by searching under leaves and other debris. Also declining is the Musician Wren , or Cyphorinus arada, a seldom-seen bird with one of the iconic voices of the Amazon.

Conversely, the White-plumed Antbird , or Pithys albifrons, has not declined and remains common. Its foraging strategy may be the key to its resilience. The White-plumed Antbird follows swarms of marauding ants that churn up other insects hidden on the forest floor. The antbird jockeys for an advantageous position ahead of the ant swarm and preys upon the fleeing insects. The White-plumed Antbird is not tied to one location in the rainforest. It travels and eats a variety of prey surfaced by the swarms of ants.

The scientists also found that frugivores, or birds that also eat fruit, are increasing in abundance. This suggests that omnivorous birds with more flexible diets can adjust to changing environmental conditions.

More research is needed to better understand the hidden losses and shifting baseline that are happening in the Amazon rainforest and other parts of the planet. "The idea that things are changing, even in the most pristine parts of our planet yet we don't even know it, illustrates the need for us to pay more attention," Stouffer said.

Source: Louisiana State University [October 26, 2020]

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The uncertain future of the oceans

The ocean plays a key role in the current climate change, as it absorbs a considerable part of the atmospheric carbon dioxide emitted by mankind. On the one hand, this slows down the heating of the climate, and on the other hand, the dissolution of CO2 in seawater leads to acidification of the oceans. This has far-reaching consequences for many marine organisms and thus also for the oceanic carbon cycle. One of the most important mechanisms in this cycle, is called the biological carbon pump. Part of the biomass that phytoplankton forms in the surface ocean through photosynthesis sinks to the depths in the form of small carbonaceous particles. As a result, the carbon is stored for a long time in the deep sea. The ocean thus acts as a carbon sink in the climate system. How strongly this biological pump acts varies greatly from region to region and depends on the composition of species in the ecosystem.

One of the mesocosm experiments evaluated in the current study took place
in 2010 in Kongsfjord, Spitsbergen [Credit: Kerstin Nachtigall]

The study, which has now been published in the journal Nature Climate Change, is one of the most comprehensive studies so far on the effects of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems. Scientists at the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research in Kiel have now been able to show for the first time that ocean acidification influences the carbon content of sinking organic material, and thus the biological pump. Surprisingly, the observed changes were highly variable. The carbon content of sinking particles increased or decreased significantly with increasing CO2, depending on the composition of species and the structure of the food web. Since the underlying data cover a wide range of ocean regions, this seems to be a global phenomenon. These findings allow a completely new assessment of the effects of ocean acidification.

Dr. Jan Taucher, marine biologist and main author of the study, says: "Interestingly, we found that bacterial and animal plankton, such as small crustaceans, play a key role in how the carbon cycle and biological pump respond to ocean acidification. Until now, it has been widely held that biogeochemical changes are mainly driven by reactions of phytoplankton. Therefore, even modern Earth system models do not take into account the interactions we observe between the marine food web and the carbon cycle. Our findings thus help to make climate models more realistic and improve climate projections".

Up to now, most of the knowledge on this topic has been based on idealized laboratory experiments, which only represent ecological interactions and the dynamics of the complex marine food web in a highly simplified way. This makes it difficult to transfer such results to real ocean conditions and project them into the future. In order to gain a more realistic insight, the study summarizes several field experiments that were conducted with large-volume test facilities, so-called mesocosms, in different ocean regions, from arctic to subtropical waters.

Mesocosms are, so to speak, oversized test tubes in the ocean, in which changes in environmental conditions in a closed but otherwise natural ecosystem can be studied. For the present study, a large amount of data from five mesocosm experiments was synthesized to provide a more precise picture of plankton communities and biogeochemical processes within the ecosystem. A total of over ten thousand data points were included in the analysis.

The newly gained knowledge can now be used to implement the complex ecological interactions in Earth system models, thus contributing to further improve climate projections.

Source: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel [October 26, 2020]

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Data reveals evidence of molecular absorption in the atmosphere of a hot Neptune

An international team of scientists recently measured the spectrum of the atmosphere of a rare hot Neptune exoplanet, whose discovery by NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) was announced just last month.

This artist's impression shows the LTT9779 system approximately to scale, with the hot Neptune-sized
 planet at left and its bright, nearby star at right. The trail of material streaming off of the planet
is hypothetical but likely, based on the intense irradiation of this planet
[Credit: Ethen Schmidt, Kansas University]

The discovery was made with data provided from the now-retired NASA Spitzer Space Telescope, which allows a unique, infrared view of the universe to look into regions of space that are hidden from optical telescopes.

One of the main goals of NASA's TESS mission is to find new, small planets that would be good targets for atmospheric characterization. Early in its mission, it found LTT9779b, a planet orbiting a Sun-like star located 260 light years away from Earth. This planet, a little larger than Neptune, orbits very close to its star. The planet is found in the "hot Neptune desert," where planets shouldn't exist. Indeed, most close-in hot exoplanets are either gas giants the size of Jupiter or Saturn that have enough mass to retain most of their atmosphere using their high gravity against the evaporation caused by the star, or small rocky exoplanets that have lost their atmosphere to the star long ago.

This artist's impression shows LTT9779b near the star it orbits, and highlights the planet's
ultra-hot (2000 Kelvin) day-side and its quite-toasty night-side (around 1000 K)
[Credit: Ethen Schmidt, Kansas University]

"This ultra-hot Neptune is a 'medium-sized' exoplanet that orbits very close to its star (it takes just 19 hours to complete an orbit), but its low density indicates that it still has an atmosphere weighing at least 10 percent of the planet's mass," explained University of New Mexico Physics and Astronomy Assistant Professor Diana Dragomir, who is leading the work which involved more than 25 institutions.

The age of this system is 2 billion years. At this high temperature, the planet's atmosphere should have evaporated long ago, early in the system's life. "Hot Neptunes are rare, and one in such an extreme environment as this one is difficult to explain because its mass isn't large enough to hold on to an atmosphere for very long. So how did it manage? LTT9779b had us scratching our heads, but the fact that it has an atmosphere gives us a rare way to investigate this type of planet, so we decided to probe it with another telescope," Dragomir added.

This artist's impression shows LTT9779b transiting the star it orbits. This transit briefly blocks
an appreciable fraction of the star's light, and is how the planet was first discovered
by NASA's TESS mission [Credit: Ethen Schmidt , Kansas University]

To investigate its atmospheric composition and shed further light on its origin, scientists obtained secondary eclipse observations with the Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) of the hot Neptune. The Spitzer observations confirmed an atmospheric presence and enabled a measurement of the planet's very high temperature, approximately 2,000 Kelvin (about 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit). "For the first time, we measured light coming from a planet that shouldn't exist!" Said Dragomir.

After combining the Spitzer observations with a measurement of the secondary eclipse in the TESS bandpass, the scientists studied the resulting emission spectrum and identified evidence of molecular absorption in the planet's atmosphere, which they believe is likely due to carbon monoxide. This molecule is not unexpected in the atmospheres of hot large planets (hot Jupiters), but to find it in a hot Neptune may provide clues on the origin of this planet and how it managed to hold onto its atmosphere. This result constitutes the first detection of atmospheric features in an exoplanet discovered by TESS, and the first-ever for an ultra-hot Neptune.

"If there's a lot of atmosphere surrounding the planet, as is the case for LTT9779b, then you can study it more easily," said Dragomir. "A smaller atmosphere would be much harder to observe." The results indicate that LTT9779b is an excellent target for additional characterization with NASA's upcoming James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which could also verify whether the observed molecular absorption is indeed due to carbon monoxide.

A companion paper, led by Kansas University Assistant Professor Ian Crossfield, also found signs that point to the planet's atmosphere having a higher level of heavy elements than expected. This is additionally intriguing because the two similarly-sized planets in our Solar System, Neptune and Uranus, are primarily composed of light elements like hydrogen and helium.

"LTT9779 is one of those super-exciting targets, a very rare gemstone for our understanding of hot Neptunes. We believe we detected carbon-monoxide in its atmosphere and that the permanent dayside is very hot, while very little heat is transported to the night side," said Bjorn Benneke, professor at Universite de Montreal and member of the Institute for Research on exoplanets (iREx). "Both findings make LTT9779b say that there is a very strong signal to be observed making the planet a very intriguing target for future detailed characterization with JWST."

Together, these results set the stage for similar investigations of a larger sample of exoplanets discovered in this hot Neptune desert, which are key to uncovering the origin of this unique population of exoplanets.

The research was published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

Source: University of New Mexico [October 26, 2020]

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Meat Eating is Allowed in Hinduism. But Why?

We all know that Ahimsa or Non-violence is one of the core practices of Hinduism or Sanatan Dharma. Yet, we see that there are more non-vegetarian Hindus than Vegetarian ones.

Some people get confused about it. Vegetarian people often say that it is cruel to kill animals for food and restrain meat-eating.

Before we reach the answer to why Hindus eat non-vegetarian food, let's look at some of the facts that you might not know:

1. More than 70% of Hindus are non-vegetarian to some extent. 
2. More than 90% of the Hindu population in Tamil Nadu eats Non-veg. 
3. Some of the Brahmins also eat meat, yes, Bengali and Kashmiri Brahmins eat non-veg.

What do scriptures say?

Hindu texts strongly encourage minimal violence and cruelty. They give more importance to vegan food than the opposite. Atharvaveda (6.140) mentions that "rice, beans, barley and sesamum" are the food types allotted for human consumption.

Many of the scriptures say that a man when he faces a threat to his survival. In this situation, he is even allowed to consume beef.

There are many contradictions, though. Manusmriti (5.51-52) states that there is no greater sinner than the man who makes his flesh thrive on someone else's.

What will happen if you do eat non-veg food?

Although there are a few exceptions, most of the Hindu texts do not ban eating non-vegetarian food. They encourage becoming a vegetarian.

In Bhagavad Gita (17.8-10), Lord Krishna says, "Different types of food have different influence on the behaviour and body of a Man. Meat has Tamasic property, so it increases anger, impatience and laziness in the body of a Man."

In short, "You Will Not Become a great sinner by consuming meat." But Your food will influence your body according to its property. That's why Kshatriya people ate meat and Brahmins did not.

So, Does that mean Hindu scriptures support cruelty to Animals?

Since ages, Hindus believed that Plants have life in them. And Lord Krishna says that he resides in every living body. So plants are considered as living beings and more than that they are considered sacred.

Also, Hindu Scriptures denote that plants have feelings of joy and pain. There are some references in Ramayana that when Sita was in Lanka, her sorrow stirred the trees and plants along with animals and birds. They expressed their pain by shedding flowers like tears.

So, there is no question of cruelty at all. Because if you want to survive, you have to take life energy from outside of your body. And no matter what type of food you eat, you consume a life either in the form of plant or in the form of an animal.

Why can we eat living plants but not living animals?

There are three types of Gunas (गुण) or qualities: Sattva, Raja and Tama (सत, रज, तम).

Sattva- This quality makes you calm, pleasant. It has high patience, forgiveness and submission to God. Sweet foods like Potato, fruits and milk increase Sattva Guna.

Raja- It means the quality of Kings. It makes you passionate, egoistic and active. This guna is neither too good nor too bad. Sour, salty, burning and hot foods increase Rajasic Guna. Onion and Garlic fall in this category.

Tama (Tamas)- This Quality makes you destructive, imbalanced, violent and ignorant. Food cooked more than three hours ago, meat and human flesh are Tamasic foods.

So it means, "You are what you eat." Having a plant-based diet helps you keep your mind stable. It makes you mentally stronger and wise.

Conclusion

In short, the choice of food depends totally upon you. But you should know it that too much Tamasic food will harm you.

Sattvic food will bring more pleasantness to you than Tamasic food. The plant-based diet is better for people who require working more with their mind than with the physical body.

For students (learners) and priests, being vegetarian is beneficial. And for others, it is a matter of choice.

 

Answers by TheHinduPrayer:

What are Ashta Siddhis and Nav Nidhis? 

Why does Casteism Still Exist in India?

क्या भारत में हिन्दू घट रहे हैं? सच्चाई...

 

Related Posts: 

What is Durga Saptashati (in Hindi)?

Difference between Hinduism and Islam

Shri Surya Chalisa in Hindi सूर्य चालीसा लिरिक्स

For Lyrics in English- Click here

Surya Chalisa lyrics in Hindi-

 दोहा

कनक बदन कुंडल मकर, मुक्ता माला अंग।

पद्मासन स्थित ध्याइये, शंख-चक्र के संग।

चौपाई-

जय सविता जय जयति दिवाकर,सहस्रांशु सप्ताश्व तिमिरहर।1।

 भानु पतंग मरीचि भास्कर, सविता हंस सुनूर विभाकर।2।

विवस्वान आदित्य विकर्तन, मार्तंड हरिरूप विरोचन ।3।

अम्बरमणि खग रवि कहलाते, वेद हिरण्यगर्भ कह गाते।4।

सहस्रांशु प्रद्योतन कहिकहि, मुनिगन होत प्रसन्न मोदलहि।5।

अरुण सदृश सारथी मनोहर, हांकत हय साता चढ़ि रथ पर।6।

मंडल की महिमा अति न्यारी, तेज रूप केरी बलिहारी।7।

उच्चैःश्रवा सदृश हय जोते, देखि पुरंदर लज्जित होते।8।

मित्र मरीचि भानु अरुण भास्कर, सविता सूर्य अर्क खग कलिकर।9।

 पूषा रवि आदित्य नाम लै, हिरण्यगर्भाय नमः कहिकै ।10।

द्वादस नाम प्रेम सौं गावै, मस्तक बारह बार नवावै ।11।

चार पदारथ जन सो पावै, दुःख दारिद्र अघ पुंज नसावै।12।

नमस्कार को चमत्कार यह, विधि-हरिहर को कृपासार यह।13।

सेवै भानु तुमहि मन लाइ, अष्ट सिद्धि नवनिधि तेहिं पाई।14।

बारह बार उच्चारण करते, सहस जनम के पातक टरते ।15।

उपाख्यान जो करते तवजन, रिपु सों जमलहते सोतेहि छन।16।

धन सूत जुत परिवार बढ़त है, प्रबल मोह को फंद कटत है।17।

अर्क शीश को रक्षा करते, रवि ललाट पर नित्य बिहरते ।18।

सूर्य नेत्र पर नित्य विराजत, कर्ण देस पर दिनकर छाजत ।19।

भानु नासिका वास करहु नित,भास्कर करत सदा मुख को हित।20।

 

ओंठ रहैं परजन्य तुम्हारे, रसना बीच तीक्ष्ण बस प्यारे।21।

कंठ सुवर्ण रेत की शोभा, तिग्म तेजसः काँधे लोभा ।22।

पूषा बाहू मित्र पीठहिं पर, त्वष्टा वरुण रहत सु-उष्णुकर।23।

युगल हाथ पर रक्षा कारन, भानुमान उरसर्म सु-उदरचन।24।

बसत नाभि आदित्य मनोहर, कतिमंह रहत मन मुदभर ।25।

जंघा गोपति सविता वासा, गुप्त दिवाकर करत हुलासा।26।

विवस्वान पद की रखवारी, बाहर बसते नित तम हारी।27।

सहस्रांशु सर्वांग सम्हारै, रक्षा कवच विचित्र विचारे ।28।

अस जोजन अपने मन मांही, भय जगबीच करहुं तेहि नाहीं।29।

दद्रु कुष्ठ तेहिं कबहुं न व्यापै, जो जन याको मन मंह जापै।30।

अन्धकार जग का जो हरता, नव प्रकाश से आनंद भरता।31।

ग्रह गन ग्रसि न मिटावत जाही, कोटि बार मैं प्रनवों ताही।32।

मंद सदृश सुत जग में जाके, धर्मराज सम अदभुत बांके।33।

धन्य धन्य तुम दिनमनि देवा, किया करत सुरमुनि नर सेवा।34।

भक्ति भावयुत पूर्ण नियम सों, दूर हटत सो भव के भ्रम सों।35।

परम धन्य सों नर तनधारी, हैं प्रसन्न जेहि पर तम हारी।36।

अरुणमाघ मंह सूर्य फाल्गुन, मधु वेदांग नाम रवि उदयन।37।

भानु उदय बैसाख गिनावै, ज्येष्ठ इंद्र अषाढ़ रवि गावै।38।

 

यम भादों अश्विन हिमरेता, कातिक होत दिवाकर नेता।39।

अगहन भिन्न विष्णु हैं पूषहिं, पुरुष नाम रवि हैं मल मासहिं।40।

दोहा-

भानु चालीसा प्रेम युत, गावहिं जे नर नित्य।

सुख संपत्ति लहि बिबिध, होहिं सदा कृतकृत्य।।

 

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DOHA-
Kanak badan kundal makar, mukta mala ang.
Padmaasan sthita dhyaaiye, shankh-chakra ke sang.

CHAUPAI-
Jay Savita jay jayati diwakar, sahasranshu saptaashva timirhar.
Bhaanu patang mareechi bhaskar, savita hans sunoor vibhaakar .2

vivasvaan aaditya vikartan, maartand hariroop virochan.
ambarmani khag ravi kehlaate, ved hiranyagarbh kah gaate .4

sahasranshu pradyotan kahi kahi, munigan hot prasann moda lahi.
arun sadrisha saarathi manohar, haankat hay saata chadhi rath par .6

mandal ki mahima ati nyaari, tej roop keri balihaari.
ucchaishravaa sadrish hay jote, dekh purandar lajjit hote .8

mitra mareechi bhaanu arun bhaaskar, savita soory ark khag kalikar.
poosha ravi aaditya naam lai, hirangarbhaay namah kahi kai .10

dwaadas naam prem so gaavai, mastak baarah baar navavai.
chaar padaarath jan so paavai, dukh daaridra agh punj nasaavai .12

namaskar ko chamatkaar yah, vidhi-harihar ko kripasaar yah.
sevai bhaanu tumahi man laai, ashta siddhi navanidhi tehin paai .14

baarah baar uchaaran karte, sahas janam ke paatak tarate.
upaakhyan jo karte tavajan, ripu son jamalahate sotehi chan .16

dhan sut jut parivar badhat hai, prabal moh ko fand katat hai.
ark sheesh ko raksha karte, ravi lalaat par nitya baharate .18

soory netra par nitya viraajat, karna des par dinkar chaajat.
bhaanu naasika vaas karahu nit, bhaaskar karat sadaa mukh ko hit .20

onth rahen parjanya tumhaare, rasna beech teekshn bas pyaare.
kanth suvarnret ki shobha, tigma tejasah kaandhe lobha .22

poosha baahu mitr peethanhin par, tvashtaa varun rehet su-ushnukar.
yugal haath par raksha kaaran, bhaanumaan ursarma su-udarachan .24

basat naabhi aaditya manohar, katimanh rehet man mudabhar.
janghaa gopati savita vaasa, gupt diwakar karat hulaasa .26

vivasvaan pad ki rakhvaari, baahar basate nit tam haari.
sahasraanshu sarvaang samhaarai, raksha kavach vichitr vichaare .28

as jojan apne man maanhi, bhay jagbeech karahun tehi naaheen.
dadru kushth tehin kabahun na vyaapai, jo jan yaako man manh jaapai .30

andhakaar jag ka jo harta, nav prakash se aanand bharta.
grah gan grasi na mitaavat jaahi, koti baar main pranavon taahi .32

mand sadrish sut jag men jaake, dharmraaj sam adbhut baanke.
dhany dhany tume din mani deva, kiya karat sur-muni-nar seva .34

bhaktibhav yut purna niyam saun, door hatat so bhav ke bhram saun.
param dhany saun nar tandhaari, hain prasanna jehi par tam haari .36

arun maagh manh surya faalgun, madhu vedaang naam ravi udayan.
bhaanu uday vaisaakh ginaavai, jyeshth indra ashaadh ravi gaavai .38

yam bhaadon ashvin himreta, kaatik hot divaakar neta.
agahan bhinn vishnu hain pushahin, purush naam ravi hain malmaasahin .40

DOHA-
bhanu chalisa prem yut, gaavahin je nar nitya.
sukh sampatti lahi bibidh, honhi sadaa krikritya.

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